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issue考试时候写的比较烂，词汇什么的都没用上，argu感觉考场上写的还好一些，只是给大家借鉴一下
36. The greatness of individuals can only be decided by those who live after them, not by there contemporaries.
The Text:
Can the greatness of individuals be determined by people living after merely? The author claims so, nevertheless in my point of view this statement goes too extreme. I concede that there are a number of people whose excellence and talents were not appreciated until after their death, even after several centuries. But as a matter of fact, most great works and achievements, in the realm raging from art to science, from politics to business, are fairly recognized by their contemporary people.
开头有反问＋自己的鲜明立场
Admittedly, throughout the history have there been many genius neglected and unfairly treated, owing to their astonishing accomplishment and outlandish behavior not acknowledged by the society. The most striking example among all is perhaps Vincent Van Gogh, the well-known Holland painter, one of whose painting is worthy of millions of dollars today, yet lived a impoverished and misery life, having only one of his works sold and his talents scorned. Many great individuals are antipathetic to the society they live in and their works are too extraordinary to be popular, or they usually disobey routine rules. Both will lead to others' disagreement and prejudice. In such cases, the contemporaries' judgment of one's greatness is probably incorrect or biased, while people who live after him may have different ideologies and standards as time passes by, which make them capable of judging the greatness of their precursors objectively.
句式相当好，语言很流畅，论述的很清晰，例子比较贴切的说。owing to没有错，due to更加常用于这种坏的、负面的原因的场合，不绝对，只是看time上用的比较多
{Also in times when emperors, church, and aristocracies are the ones who decide the social value system, freedom was strangled, creativity was suppressed, and therefore greatness of common people were buried in the history. A typical case in point is Bruno, the advocator of Copernicus' theory that the earth and other planets goes around the sun which challenged the authority of the Church, was persecuted and burnt, yet his courage in the pursuit of truth is highly valued and his greatness is worldwidely recognized today.}这一段是？作者回答下？
Aside from the foregoing analysis, however, I do not absolutely agree with the speakers' claim. In a democratic society, where culture divergence is allowed and eccentric ideas are accepted, greatness of individuals is properly evaluated with no prejudice. History is replete with examples of greatness immediately recognized and confirmed. This is obvious in many areas, especially in arts and science.
First take arts into consideration, many masterpieces of literature, painting, architecture and so on are recognized the moment it was produced, or later. Michelangelo's statuaries, Mozart's serenades, Tagore's poems and Hemingway's novels were all welcomed immediately after their creation and were praised highly during their lifetime. Also what seems provocative and outrageous at fist may become accepted a century, a decade or even a year from it appeared. A case in point is the poetry anthology of" Leaves of Grass ", written by Walt Whitman in 1855, which was sneered at by most contemporary famous poets when it first published, while later soon become popular and regarded as the peak of romantic literature of United States. Their values, decided by contemporaries as well as people who live after them, will last forever. Their different fortunes from Van Gogh may attribute to a more democratic and free society today.
Secondlysecond对应first, secondly和firstly对应，他们之间最好不要混用, when it comes to the realm of science, with the rapidly develeping communication technologies and mass medium, any new-born innovations, discoveries, and inventions will be spread apace world-widely. Thus the scientists' achievements are afforded with complete examination, as well as further inspections by means of other scientists' experiments and their application to industry. Once the new theory proved true or invention proved productive, the greatness of scientist will be acknowledged. The Nobel Prize is probably the best certification of a scientist's significant contribution to the advances and development of mankind. Since it is only determined to reward the outstanding people who are still alive, those who have devoted to promote the society will be properly judged and ackowledged in their life time. In short, contemporary society place high value on individual's accomplishments if they are beneficial for the society.
In conclusion, the author's claim is true in some cases, especially when it comes to the greatness of geniuses or eccentrics, under undemocratic circumstance. Otherwise it goes too extreme, for the fact that the greatness of a huge number of great achievers are appropriately decided and widely accepted by contemporaries, far from merely by people who live after them.
结尾也可以，但感觉可以再写的好些。
205The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.
"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city."
The text:
The president recommends that Amburg should install high intensity lighting throughout the city in order to reduce crime and finally revitalize the declining neighborhoods. To support this recommendation the president points out that the installation of such lighting in Belleville's central business district reduced the vandalism while the police patrols in Amburg does not work. The president also points out that high intensity lighting is most effective to fight with crime. Careful scrutiny of the manager's argument reveals several logical faults, which render it unconvincing.
First, the president fails to establish a causal relationship between the installation of the high intensity lighting and the declined vandalism. It is possible that the decline is resulted from new penalty laws to prohibit behavior of destructing public property, or is due to enhanced police administration and patrols. Similarly, the failure of the police patrols to change the rate of vandalism is probably due to other facts. For instance, if vandalism hardly happens in Amburg, which means there is no need to install such lighting at all.
Secondly, the president commits a fallacy of false analogy. Even if the decline of vandalism in Belleville is caused by the installation, yet it is doubtful that this method also works in Amburg. For example, if Amburg is a high-developed metropolis of the country where it is busy and bright even at midnight, and therefore anyone who commit vandalism will not be able to escape being seen. In this case it is unnecessary to install other lighting at all.
Thirdly, there is no evidence that the installation of high intensity lighting will lead to the decline of crime effectively. Granted that the installation will prevent people from committing vandalism since it increase the possibility of exposure, however, it will probably do nothing to prevent other crimes, such as robbery and murder. What is more, in some remote areas where few people walk in the street at night, this measure to combat crime amounts to nonsense.
Finally, even though we suppose all the assumptions are correct and thus the installation reduces crime in the city, still we cannot arrive at the conclusion that it will benefit the revitalization of the declining neighborhoods. For the reason that the decline of neighborhoods is probably owing to the economic depression or the inefficiency of the government's administration. For example, the poor living condition, polluted environment and bad welfare will all cause people's unwillingness to live in this city. Therefore the president recommendation is by no means persuasive.
In conclusion, the president's recommendation is logically unwarranted. To strengthen it the president should provide evidence that the installation is the only reason for the decline of vandalism as well as that the high crime rate is the only cause of the declining neighborhoods. To better evaluate the argument we also need more information of the circumstances of Amburg and the effectiveness of the installation's function to combat crime.
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